In this Perspective we present examples of solar-powered underwater applications and discuss which types of solar-harvesting materials could be appropriate, including GaInP variants, CdTe, organic semiconductors, and perovskite semiconductors. We also discuss challenges that need to be addressed, such as the development of effective antifouling coatings and new certification standards given that underwater conditions are starkly different from those in terrestrial environments.
Available from Nature Photonics
Here, we present a protocol to test underwater solar cells using an LED-based characterization technique usable in a typical laboratory setting. We describe steps for installing and running Python code, matching LEDs to irradiance, characterizing underwater solar cells, and calculating underwater solar cell efficiency.
Available from STAR Protocols (open access)
A bench-top characterization technique for testing underwater solar cells is presented. Underwater solar irradiance spectra at varying depths were reproduced with LEDs. GaInP solar cells outperformed Si and CdTe, with efficiencies approaching 54%.
Available from iScience (open access)
Underwater cells can produce useful power at up to 65% efficiency in clearest waters. The optimum band gap of the solar cell plateaus at ∼2.1 eV at intermediate depths. Band-gap values are relatively independent of geographical location.
Available from Joule
We report a detailed techno-economic analysis of organic photovoltaic greenhouse, and discuss whether the unique properties of the technology can provide advantages over conventional photovoltaics.
Available from Energy & Environmental Science
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